rsnapshot

Rsnapshot backups en Gnu/Linux. (1/3)
Rsnapshot backups en Gnu/Linux. (2/3)
Rsnapshot backups en Gnu/Linux. (3/3)

Realiza copias de seguridad (Backups) incrementales y automáticas por medio de rsync, utiliza enlaces duros para las copias incrementales con lo que las copias de seguridad ocupan poco espacio en el disco.

Básicamente, el programa realiza una primera copia y en posteriores copias copia los archivos nuevos y modificados, creando enlaces duros a los archivos que ya existían. Así que las copias sucesivas solo ocupan los archivos nuevos.

Archivo de configuración

/etc/rsanpshot.conf

Utilizaremos cron para automatizar las copias de seguridad.

Escenario

Servidor del cual queremos realizar copias de varias carpetas dentro de una carpeta del mismo servidor.

Servidor

Hostname : Servidor
Sistema operativo : Ubuntu server 12.04
IP 192.168.1.235

Carpetas a salvar:

/home
/etc
/var/log

 Carpeta destino:

/backup

Copias a salvar: Copias todos los días se almacenan los últimos 7 días
Copias cada semana se almacenan las últimas 4 semanas
Copias al mes se almacenan los últimos 6 meses
Copias al año se almacenan los últimos 5 años

1. Instalar rsnapshot

$ sudo apt-get install rsnapshot

2. Configurar rsnapshot editando el archivo /etc/rsanpshot.conf

 $ sudo nano /etc/rsnapshot.conf

Los valores que nos interesan son los siguientes

• snapshot_root  indica donde vamos a guardar las copias de seguridad la barra del final es importante sino no reconoce las direcciones de los directorios. No se ponen espacios si no que se tabula por la misma razón.

			snapshot_root   /backup/

• no_create_root  Se utiliza para indicar al programa si debe crear el directorio destino o no, quita el comentario (#) si realizas la copia de seguridad en un dispositivo extraíble. Como no es nuestro caso lo dejamos comentado.

			#no_create_root	

• cmd_cp ruta del comando cp (se deja como esta)

			cmd_cp		/bin/cp 

• cmd_rm ruta del comando rm (se deja como esta)

			cmd_rm		/bin/rm

• cmd_rsync ruta del comando rsync (se deja como esta)

			cmd_rsync		/bin/bin/rsync

• cmd_ssh ruta del comando ssh se descomenta si vamos ha realizar copias de seguridad por red mediante ssh (se deja como esta)

			#cmd_ssh		/usr/bin/ssh

• cmd_du Sirve para utilizar rsnapshot con du para saber el espacio que están ocupando las copias de seguridad. (se quita el comentario)

			cmd_du		/usr/bin/du 

• cmd_rsnapshot_diff Sirve para ver las diferencias que hay entre las diferentes copias de seguridad. (se quita el comentario)

			cmd_rsnapshot_diff		/usr/bin/rsnapshot-diff

• retain Sirve para indicar cuantas copias se almacenaran en función del tiempo hourly 6 indica que cada hora se realiza una copia de seguridad y se almacenan las de las  6 ultimas copias. Para configurar lo marcado anteriormente dejaremos esta sección de la siguiente manera.

# retain hourly 6   
retain daily 7
retain weekly 4
retain monthly 6
retain yearly 5

• logfile Sirve para indicar donde esta el archivo de log de rsnapshot. (se quita el comentario)

			logfile	/var/log/rsnapshot.log

• backup Sirve para indicar donde están las carpetas que queremos salvar en la copia de seguridad. Después de backup se indica el directorio a salvar y posteriormente si ponemos localhost/ lo salva en la carpeta indicada en snapshot_root (/backup) si ponemos por ejemplo datos/ nos lo guardaría en /backup/datos/ para salvar los datos que queremos esta sección quedaría de la siguiente manera.

 backup /home/ localhost/
 backup /etc/ localhost/
  backup /var/log/ localhost/ 

Una vez modificados estos parámetros el archivo de configuración me quedaría de la siguiente manera. Marco en naranja los parámetros a configurar. 

#################################################
 # rsnapshot.conf - rsnapshot configuration file #
 #################################################
 # #
 # PLEASE BE AWARE OF THE FOLLOWING RULES: #
 # #
 # This file requires tabs between elements #
 # #
 # Directories require a trailing slash: #
 # right: /home/ #
 # wrong: /home #
 # #
 #################################################

 #######################
 # CONFIG FILE VERSION #
 #######################

 config_version 1.2

 ###########################
 # SNAPSHOT ROOT DIRECTORY #
 ###########################

 # All snapshots will be stored under this root directory.
 #
 snapshot_root /backup/

 # If no_create_root is enabled, rsnapshot will not automatically create the
 # snapshot_root directory. This is particularly useful if you are backing
 # up to removable media, such as a FireWire or USB drive.
 #
 #no_create_root 1

 #################################
 # EXTERNAL PROGRAM DEPENDENCIES #
 #################################

 # LINUX USERS: Be sure to uncomment "cmd_cp". This gives you extra features.
 # EVERYONE ELSE: Leave "cmd_cp" commented out for compatibility.
 #
 # See the README file or the man page for more details.
 #
 cmd_cp /bin/cp

 # uncomment this to use the rm program instead of the built-in perl routine.
 #
 cmd_rm /bin/rm

 # rsync must be enabled for anything to work. This is the only command that
 # must be enabled.
 #
 cmd_rsync /usr/bin/rsync

 # Uncomment this to enable remote ssh backups over rsync.
 #
 #cmd_ssh /usr/bin/ssh

 # Comment this out to disable syslog support.
 #
 cmd_logger /usr/bin/logger

 # Uncomment this to specify the path to "du" for disk usage checks.
 # If you have an older version of "du", you may also want to check the
 # "du_args" parameter below.
 #
 cmd_du /usr/bin/du

 # Uncomment this to specify the path to rsnapshot-diff.
 #
 cmd_rsnapshot_diff /usr/bin/rsnapshot-diff

 # Specify the path to a script (and any optional arguments) to run right
 # before rsnapshot syncs files
 #
 #cmd_preexec /path/to/preexec/script

 # Specify the path to a script (and any optional arguments) to run right
 # after rsnapshot syncs files
 #
 #cmd_postexec /path/to/postexec/script

 # Paths to lvcreate, lvremove, mount and umount commands, for use with
 # Linux LVMs.
 #
 #linux_lvm_cmd_lvcreate /sbin/lvcreate
 #linux_lvm_cmd_lvremove /sbin/lvremove
 #linux_lvm_cmd_mount /bin/mount
 #linux_lvm_cmd_umount /bin/umount
#########################################
 # BACKUP INTERVALS #
 # Must be unique and in ascending order #
 # i.e. hourly, daily, weekly, etc. #
 #########################################

 # retain hourly 6
 retain daily 7
 retain weekly 4
 retain monthly 6
 retain yearly 5
############################################
 # GLOBAL OPTIONS #
 # All are optional, with sensible defaults #
 ############################################

 # Verbose level, 1 through 5.
 # 1 Quiet Print fatal errors only
 # 2 Default Print errors and warnings only
 # 3 Verbose Show equivalent shell commands being executed
 # 4 Extra Verbose Show extra verbose information
 # 5 Debug mode Everything
 #
 verbose 2

 # Same as "verbose" above, but controls the amount of data sent to the
 # logfile, if one is being used. The default is 3.
 #
 loglevel 3

 # If you enable this, data will be written to the file you specify. The
 # amount of data written is controlled by the "loglevel" parameter.
 #
 logfile /var/log/rsnapshot.log

 # If enabled, rsnapshot will write a lockfile to prevent two instances
 # from running simultaneously (and messing up the snapshot_root).
 # If you enable this, make sure the lockfile directory is not world
 # writable. Otherwise anyone can prevent the program from running.
 #
 lockfile /var/run/rsnapshot.pid

 # By default, rsnapshot check lockfile, check if PID is running
 # and if not, consider lockfile as stale, then start
 # Enabling this stop rsnapshot if PID in lockfile is not running
 #
 #stop_on_stale_lockfile 0

 # Default rsync args. All rsync commands have at least these options set.
 #
 #rsync_short_args -a
 #rsync_long_args --delete --numeric-ids --relative --delete-excluded

 # ssh has no args passed by default, but you can specify some here.
 #
 #ssh_args -p 22

 # Default arguments for the "du" program (for disk space reporting).
 # The GNU version of "du" is preferred. See the man page for more details.
 # If your version of "du" doesn't support the -h flag, try -k flag instead.
 #
 #du_args -csh

 # If this is enabled, rsync won't span filesystem partitions within a
 # backup point. This essentially passes the -x option to rsync.
 # The default is 0 (off).
 #
 #one_fs 0

 # The include and exclude parameters, if enabled, simply get passed directly
 # to rsync. If you have multiple include/exclude patterns, put each one on a
 # separate line. Please look up the --include and --exclude options in the
 # rsync man page for more details on how to specify file name patterns.
 #
 #include ???
 #include ???
 #exclude ???
 #exclude ???

 # The include_file and exclude_file parameters, if enabled, simply get
 # passed directly to rsync. Please look up the --include-from and
 # --exclude-from options in the rsync man page for more details.
 #
 #include_file /path/to/include/file
 #exclude_file /path/to/exclude/file

 # If your version of rsync supports --link-dest, consider enable this.
 # This is the best way to support special files (FIFOs, etc) cross-platform.
 # The default is 0 (off).
 #
 #link_dest 0

 # When sync_first is enabled, it changes the default behaviour of rsnapshot.
 # Normally, when rsnapshot is called with its lowest interval
 # (i.e.: "rsnapshot hourly"), it will sync files AND rotate the lowest
 # intervals. With sync_first enabled, "rsnapshot sync" handles the file sync,
 # and all interval calls simply rotate files. See the man page for more
 # details. The default is 0 (off).
 #
 #sync_first 0

 # If enabled, rsnapshot will move the oldest directory for each interval
 # to [interval_name].delete, then it will remove the lockfile and delete
 # that directory just before it exits. The default is 0 (off).
 #
 #use_lazy_deletes 0

 # Number of rsync re-tries. If you experience any network problems or
 # network card issues that tend to cause ssh to crap-out with
 # "Corrupted MAC on input" errors, for example, set this to a non-zero
 # value to have the rsync operation re-tried
 #
 #rsync_numtries 0

 # LVM parameters. Used to backup with creating lvm snapshot before backup
 # and removing it after. This should ensure consistency of data in some special
 # cases
 #
 # LVM snapshot(s) size (lvcreate --size option).
 #
 #linux_lvm_snapshotsize 100M

 # Name to be used when creating the LVM logical volume snapshot(s).
 #
 #linux_lvm_snapshotname rsnapshot

 # Path to the LVM Volume Groups.
 #
 #linux_lvm_vgpath /dev

 # Mount point to use to temporarily mount the snapshot(s).
 #
 #linux_lvm_mountpath /path/to/mount/lvm/snapshot/during/backup

 ###############################
 ### BACKUP POINTS / SCRIPTS ###
 ###############################

 # LOCALHOST

 backup /home/ localhost/
 backup /etc/ localhost/
 backup /var/log/ localhost/
 #backup /home/ localhost/
 #backup /etc/ localhost/
 #backup /usr/local/ localhost/
 #backup /var/log/rsnapshot localhost/
 #backup /etc/passwd localhost/
 #backup /home/foo/My Documents/ localhost/
 #backup /foo/bar/ localhost/ one_fs=1, rsync_short_args=-urltvpog
 #backup_script /usr/local/bin/backup_pgsql.sh localhost/postgres/
 # You must set linux_lvm_* parameters below before using lvm snapshots
 #backup lvm://vg0/xen-home/ lvm-vg0/xen-home/

 # EXAMPLE.COM
 #backup_script /bin/date "+ backup of example.com started at %c" unused1
 #backup root@example.com:/home/ example.com/ +rsync_long_args=--bwlimit=16,exclude=core
 #backup root@example.com:/etc/ example.com/ exclude=mtab,exclude=core
 #backup_script ssh root@example.com "mysqldump -A > /var/db/dump/mysql.sql" unused2
 #backup root@example.com:/var/db/dump/ example.com/
 #backup_script /bin/date "+ backup of example.com ended at %c" unused9

  # CVS.SOURCEFORGE.NET
  #backup_script /usr/local/bin/backup_rsnapshot_cvsroot.sh rsnapshot.cvs.sourceforge.net/

  # RSYNC.SAMBA.ORG
  #backup rsync://rsync.samba.org/rsyncftp/ rsync.samba.org/rsyncftp/

Para comprobar la correcta configuración de rsnapshot ejecutamos la siguiente orden

$ sudo rsnapshot configtest
Syntax OK

Cuando devuelve  Syntax OK es que la configuración es correcta.

Comprobamos que funciona realizando la primera copia de seguridad con el comando.

$ sudo rsnapshot daily

Comprobamos que se crea la carpeta /backup/daily.0/localhost que contiene las carpetas home, etc y var/log que queriamos salvar.

$ sudo ls  -la /backup/daily.0/localhost

El próximo día continuaremos con nuestro tutorial de rsnapshot.

Rsnapshot backups en Gnu/Linux. (1/3)
Rsnapshot backups en Gnu/Linux. (2/3)
Rsnapshot backups en Gnu/Linux. (3/3)